Huckleberry Finn American Literature Essay - 1373 Words

American literature is a piece literary of work during and after the formation of the United States that is not only written by American authors, but is influenced and reflects on the nation’s past and truths (good or bad), values, ideology, or traditions. A prime example of American literature is Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. He exposes and reflects on the truth about slavery and racism during the 1870s, proves how Huck s view has been formed society, includes American characteristics, and how slavery and racism is a part of America’s past and present. American literature is not only written by American authors, but is influenced and reflects on the nation’s past and truths, whether good or bad. sAdventures of†¦show more content†¦This shows how Huck learns to accept slaves as human and equal, just as the United States as a whole later did. This is something that is a part of our American past, which puts it under the American Literatur e. During this time period, slavery was very common and was not seen as bad as it is looked at today. Huck was taught that slaves are property, not human. This is why a large portion of scotty accepts slavery and practice it, especially in the South. Twain agrees with the Northern states on the fact that slavery is an unacceptable practice and brings awareness through the novel. That is what makes it American. Twain writes and describes about the flaws in the United States. American literature includes what the Americans beliefs are, and Twain includes that and comments on it. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has many characteristics that fall under American literature. Some of these characteristics include author’s birth, content, and values written about. This novel has an American author. Mark Twain was born in the United States. He was born in 1835 in Florida. Twain writes about the United States and includes its conditions. He writes how the United States viewed slavery an d each other, through the eyes of Huck. Twain writes how Jim was treated the the white men and how he was viewed as different and inferior. He also writes with American English language and uses AmericanShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Trilling, And Huckleberry Finn By Leo Marx1315 Words   |  6 PagesFrom Mr. Eliot, Mr. Trilling, and Huckleberry Finn by Leo Marx In this essay, Leo Marx is talking about how the ending of the story in the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is not well connected to the whole meaning of the events that happens throughout the story. He is saying that the ending of the story throws out completely the plot. Marx is explaining how interesting was the journey that Huck and Jim had, searching for Jim s freedom, but to him everything what they did to get Jim out of thisRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1164 Words   |  5 PagesSkeleton Literature March 2, 2016 Research Paper In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain writes about the events in Huckleberry Finn’s life and the people around him. Huckleberry Finn tells the tale of life in the nineteenth century through the eyes of a 14-year-old boy struggling to find his place in this society. Throughout the story Huck deals with several moral issues; such as slavery, his distrust of society, and social order. In this essay I will discuss moral issues that Huck Finn facesRead MoreMark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1575 Words   |  6 Pages Mark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Controversy Mark Twain, born Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is a highly recognizable figure in American literature. 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Even immediately after the Civil War, when Twain s novel was published, society s social, political, and economic aspects of the NorthRead MoreThe Theme of Self-Reliance in Essays by Ralph Waldo Emerson821 Words   |  4 PagesThe Theme of Self-Reliance in Essays by Ralph Waldo Emerson I will, in the following, discuss the theme of self-reliance in the above-mentioned texts. But what exactly is self-reliance? In his 1841 publication called Essays, Ralph Waldo Emerson includes an essay simply entitled Self-Reliance in which he states Trust thyself#8230;Great men have always done so and confided themselves childlike to the genius of their age#8230; . Self-reliance is thus defined as the ability to be your own masterRead MoreAmerican Experience in Huck Finn1737 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"All modern American Literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn..† claimed Ernest Hemingway, a American author and journalist. 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Questions On Devaluation Of Theu.s Dollar - 922 Words

Issue: Devaluation of the U.S dollar Argument: America needs to go back to the Gold standard to prevent the devaluation and collapse of our current fiat based currency system Intro a) Attention getter: In today’s money, 17 dollars was the equivalent to only 1 dollar in the 1940’s, that’s an inflation level well over 1000%. b) Thesis: The U.S government needs to revert back to the Gold standard because there are no controls on the government to prevent the devaluation and ultimate collapse of our currency system. c) Statement of Credibility: I am economics major and a personal investor in commodities, enforcing the need for me to have a diverse understanding of economic policies. d) Preview of body points: a. 1st body point: devaluation, controversies surrounding fiat and gold systems. b. 2nd body point: government printing problem, why government is responsible c. 3rd body point: a modified gold standard, transitioning, steps to take. Body Point #1: Problem/Controversy 1) Beginning topic: (The problem today is the) excessive printing which is devaluing the U.S currency. a) Problem i) The Dollar at one time had a stable valuation to Gold, under gold standard ii) The US Dollar is now a fiat currency iii) Inflation and Dollar devaluation is inevitable b) Controversy i) The Gold Standard strangles(inhibits) growth ii) The Gold Standard prevents recovery in hard economic times b) Quote: In the article From Constitutional to Fiat Money by Richard Timberlake, he indications

Airframe Structure Failure and Survivability free essay sample

There are many different variables that come into play during an aircraft accident. It is an investigators job to find out what caused the failure. Failure of an aircraft primary structure is ranked high on the list of risks aircrews would rather not face. Mechanical component failure which can lead to loss of control of the aircraft is not far behind. Another issue which must be addressed in any aircraft accident is the question and of crash survivability. Even if no one was injured the investigator must find out what worked and what didnt. If there were injuries, several questions should be asked. The chapters I will be covering will give the investigator a look into what causes structural failure, and how to determine crash survivability. An aircraft accident investigators job is to determine what caused the crash. Structural failure is a vital part of the investigation. The term structure failure means where the material fails to carry below it was intended to carry. A structure can fail in one of two general ways. One way is it can be fractured, which means broken into two or more pieces. Another way is when the structure shape is changed so that it can no longer carry its load. With this kind of failure, the structure is still in one piece. It could be bent, stretched, corroded, or so worn that it can no longer do its intended job. Over the next few pages, I will be going into detail about the different ways structures can fail. There are many reasons why an airplane structure can fail. As I have just gone over a few in the last paragraph, there are many different ways this can happen. In chapter 35, the book talks about overload. This is, when an in-flight load exceeds the weight the part was designed for. All structures to include bridges, buildings or airplanes are created to withstand only specific loads. It is unrealistic to assume that airplanes can be designed and built to withstand any conceivable load it can experience. If a structure is exposed to a load greater than which it was designed for, it will structurally fail. Be it deforming, or fracturing into two or more pieces. These are two general reasons why aircraft structures fail. Aircraft structures are designed to withstand loads generated by air at some maximum airspeed and the loads generated while maneuvering at some G load. Most aircraft can be flown at speeds and G loads which can place excessive loads on the aircraft structure. Aircraft that is directly exposed to onrushing air could be damaged as the dynamic pressure of the air stream is converted to static pressure pressing inward on the structure. Excessive speed can reduce the airplanes stability. The bottom line is that a lot of bad things can happen when an aircraft exceeds it’s redline airspeed. One of the clearest reasons for failure of a structural component is that the component lacked the proper strength to withstand the loads created while the aircraft is flown at its normal operating limits. There are numerous reasons why a structural component could be understrength. It is possible that the engineering of the structure was inadequate. The designer could have possibly made an error which was not caught during the testing phase. Another reason could be that wear and tear caused a weakening to the structure. Service life issues are normally divided into four sub areas; fatigue cracking, corrosion, wear and creep. The four of these progressive failures which cannot be undone as the aircraft accumulates flight hours ground-air-ground cycles. An aircraft structure can be weakened in a somewhat short period of time. Exposure to heat can greatly reduce a metals strength. For example, some aluminum alloys that are exposed to temperatures of 400Â ° for 5 minutes can reduce the alloys strength by 80%. Jet engine hot sections and compressor bleed airlines are made of materials such as stainless steel or titanium alloys which maintain most of their strength in relatively high temperatures. This problem happens when structure which is not been designed for high temperature is exposed to high temperatures. Some aircraft which can reach high supersonic speeds require the leading edge structures to be able to withstand the extremely high temperatures generated at these speeds. There are two general areas when it comes to aircraft structures. You have a primary structure, and a secondary structure. The primary structure is parts of the aircraft that are necessary to safely fly its mission. The following components are normally considered to be part of the primary structure: wing structure, fuselage structure carrying flight, ground and cabin pressurization loads, empennage, landing gear structure, engine mounts and supporting structure. The primary structures can be further sub categorized as either critical structure or principal structure elements. Critical elements are those whose failure would result in catastrophic failure of the aircraft. Principal elements are those that contribute significantly to carrying flight, ground and pressurization loads whose failure could or could not result in catastrophic failure. The following components are considered to be the secondary structure: aerodynamic fairings, tail cones, and landing gear doors. There are other mechanical components which carry flight critical loads. Even though these components have failure modes that are closely related to those exhibited by the primary and secondary structures, they do not fall into either of those categories. Components like hydraulic pressure lines, drive shafts, electric alternators, and gear teeth in transmissions all have modes of failure which can give clues concerning the nature of the loads which caused them to fail. In aircraft accident investigator will have a firm understanding of the loads that airplane structured caries and the physical evidence that these loads leaves behind when they fail. The many types of loads are vectors and have both magnitude and direction. You can change the load by either changing its magnitude, for example increasing or decreasing the pounds of force being applied, or by changing its direction by applying force upward instead of down. Loads can take a finite length of time to be imposed. Even though loads can be applied in a very short period of time they can be applied or changed instantaneously. The fact that loads take time to apply and or change is important for the accident investigator understand. The book separates loads into three general areas; static loads, dynamic loads, and repeated loads. Knowing the difference between the three types is important because the nature of the load has a lot to do with the failure of the structure and the evidence left behind. If a load were applied so slowly that the structure to which the load was being applied to stayed equal at all times the load would be considered a static load. A static load can be either for short or long period of time. A dynamic load happens when the loads are applied fast enough to prevent the structure from carrying the load while remaining in equilibrium as the load is being applied. Dynamic loads can be divided into two subcategories, sudden, and impact. A sudden load will impose stronger internal stresses in the structure. Components such as landing gear are tested with dynamic loads. Impact loads are applied at faster rates than sudden, causing the structure to fracture almost every time. Impact loads are usually limited to high-speed bird impacts and crash tests. Repeated loads are just like they sound, loads that are repeated over and over again. Due to the behavior of dynamic impacts and longtime static loads, it makes them unlikely candidates for repeated loads. Short time static and sudden dynamic loads can be repeated over and over again. If a component goes through lots of repeated load cycles before it fails due to fatigue cracking it is said to have experienced high cycle fatigue. By lots of cycles the book means hundreds of thousands or millions or tens of millions of cycles. One of the ways investigators look at structure failure is to consider the time it took for the failure to occur. If the failure happened at the instance of a single load, it is called an instantaneous failure. If the failure took a period of time to occur, that is called a progressive failure. If a structural component contained a load that caused significant distortion, but did not exceed the materials yield stress, and the structure springs back to its original shape after the load is removed is called an elastic deformation/distortion failure. Now if the same events occur and the structure does not spring back to its original shape after the load is removed, that is called plastic deformation/distortion. This is a permanent shape change, unlike the elastic which is a temporary shape change. Now if the load reaches the point where internal stresses not only cause significant plastic deformation, they exceed the materials ultimate stress, the structure will then fracture and separate into two or more pieces. This is called a fracture failure. An experienced investigator can tell the difference between the five different types of structural failure. Another form that causes structural failures is corrosion. Corrosion is the natural disintegration of material as it is attacked by one or more substances in its environment. During the refining process, energy is added to metal ores and other raw materials in order to produce the mechanical properties necessary in structural components. Mother Nature the great equalizer, doesnt like variances in energy levels and sets to work trying to bring the material back to the low energy levels existing in the products of corrosion. When it comes to aircraft structural components, mother natures attack will reduce the strength and ductility of components turning strong metals into meek metallic oxides, hydroxides or sulfates. If these compounds are not removed from the structure they can worsen the problem by providing an environment which is ever more favorable to continued corrosion. There are many different forms of corrosion. Some can be the result of a direct chemical attack by reactive substances in the environment. Pitting is a common form of corrosion. Small holes that are randomly located across the metal surface are called pits and sometimes may be accompanied with a powdery residue. Even though pits may appear to have damaged only a small percentage of the surface, they penetrate deeply in a branching matter causing loss of strength and ductility which is way out of proportion to metals surface appearance. Chemical corrosion involves the reaction between a metal structure and some chemical agent. If you introduce corrosive acid on a metal wing, the acid and the metal will react to form new and undesirable compounds. A selective attack is when corrosive actions seem to favor one part of the components or assembly above another. The primary type of selective attack is intergranular corrosion. This type of attack centers on the grain boundaries with in a metal component before consuming the grains themselves. Similar to pitting the damage from this kind of attack causes a loss of strength and ductility which is out of portion the amount of metal that is corroded. Another form intergranular corrosion is exfoliation, whose progress and go undetected until all structural integrity is lost. Grain boundaries attacked by this type of corrosion are normally flattened and or elongated grains of extruded or rolled metals. This type of corrosion can move undetected along the grain boundaries. Slow removal of material from the surface of the component by a mechanical action is referred to as wear. In most cases wear is undesirable, wear during break in on new or overhauled equipment is often a necessary ingredient in establishing proper operation and long service life. The type of wear the book talks about is the kind that leads to premature failure and breakdown. Abrasive wear happens when small abrasive particles cut into and remove material from surfaces of two components which are held together while moving. When this type of wear happens one question an investigator must ask is, where did the particles come from? Adhesive wear occurs when microscopic projections of the surfaces of the two components which are sliding across each other may contact, weld together and break off. A question that an investigator can ask is was the surface lubricated? Erosive wear is similar to abrasive wear in that foreign particles are cutting tiny chunks out of the surface. Its a little different from abrasive wear in that the abrasive particles gain their penetrating energy by a fluid that is carrying them along. How did the particles enter into the fluids is a question an investigator could pose. To prevent structure failure, the components go through an inspection called non-destructive inspection (NDI). NDI are inspection techniques which will not do significant harm to the object being inspected. Other names for this type of inspection is called non-destructive evaluation (NDE) or non-destructive testing (NDT). There are six specific techniques for these inspections. First, visual inspection is the simplest form and most common of the NDI process and uses your God-given gift of sight. To assist this type of inspection, illumination, magnification, and remote viewing are used to help. Another type is dye penetrant. This inspection is used to detect small surface cracks and discontinuities which may not be visible during strictly visual inspections. This technique is simple, but time-consuming. The component being inspected is covered with a colored liquid which is absorbed into surface cracks. The liquid includes a phosphorescent material which when exposed to ultraviolet light glows in the dark so small surface cracks are visible to the naked eye. Magnetic particle inspection provides another way to assist the eye by increasing the conspicuity of a surface crack. This process requires more specialized equipment then the dye penetrant process, it makes the crack even more obvious if properly used. This inspection makes use of the fact that when a magnetic field is induced in a component made of Ferro-magnetic material, surface cracks will alter the components magnetic field. When magnetic particles are placed on a magnetized surface it will align themselves along the magnetic field showing any variations caused by the cracks. If the magnetic particles are phosphorescent and viewed in a dark room under an ultraviolet light pattern around the cracks will be more visible. Eddy current is the first technique that is discussed that does not require direct viewing of the crack. This process involves the use of a probe to generate both an electromagnetic field and sense and evaluate the Eddy current generated in the material being inspected. When either or surface or near surface cracks are in the material it will alter the shape of the Eddy current and magnetic field it generates. This can be as simple as a twitch on a meters needle. The equipment needed for this type of inspection must be calibrated for the specific design being inspected and the size of the crack being search. Ultrasonic inspections make use of high-frequency sound to find surface and subsurface defects. The high-frequency sound waves are generated by a transducer and then beamed through the part being inspected. The reflective waves or the remnants of waves which penetrate the part are being measured with a receiver and electronically evaluated. There are two different ways the sound waves can be applied to and retrieved from the part being inspected; immersion of the part into a fluid which carries the sound waves to and from the part and direct contact inspection where the transducer and receiver are in direct contact with the part. The direct contact technique is much more mobile allowing use in the field of the aircraft or major fabrications. Radiographic inspection in its simplest form is not much different than that of an x-ray. Very short wave electromagnetic radiation are generated and directed through the part being inspected and towards unexposed radiographic film. Rays passing through cracks, flaws, voids and corroded areas will not be attenuated as much as raise passing through sound material. To the untrained eye, cracks, flaws, voids and corrosion may appear to be just another shadow on the film. Orientation of the x-rays so as to illuminate the discontinuities and proper interpretation of the film are therefore important aspects in ensuring the thoroughness of the inspection. One of the issues which must be addressed in any aircraft accident is a question of crash survivability. Even if no one was injured, the question of what worked and what didnt work should always be asked. Did the restraint systems operate as designed? Whether or not escape hatches were needed, could they have been opened if needed? Did the emergency lighting system work? How crash survival equipment is designed is based on experience, history, and sound engineering judgment. To know if these components work correctly design requires an accident for verification. The accident is a chance to validate our judgment and we cannot afford to pass it up. To make investigation of aircraft crashes a little easier requires a systematic approach by breaking down a complicated series of events into smaller, more digestible bites. The approach chapter 36 goes over is the CREEP method. CREEP stands for: Container, Restraint, Energy absorption, Environment, and Post-crash factors. The first four of the five CREEP elements relate to the dynamic portion of the crash itself. These four factors are concerned with the initial and any subsequent impacts with the terrain, the associated deceleration forces acting on the aircraft and its current occupants, and the deformation and dislocation of aircraft structure and its contents. The fifth factor relates to the occupants attempts to egress the aircraft before suffering additional injuries not directly resulting from the dynamic portion of the crash. In order to survive a crash it is first necessary to provide a living space for the occupants during the dynamic portion of the crash. If the space is crushed or punctured, the chances of survival fall drastically. This factor is container. Now if the occupants have been provided with adequate living space, the next series of questions should deal with the restraint of the crew and its passengers and equipment and components around them. Occupants of any moving vehicle must be protected from injuring collisions with in the vehicle, for example being thrown against the sides of the living space or having objects such as cargo or equipment thrown at them. The strength of all restraints should be sufficient to prevent injury at the force levels which can be expected during the most severe but survivable crash. The investigator should examine all restraints system failures to determine if there failure contributed to injuries experienced by the crew or passengers. The deceleration forces created during a crash may be high enough to cause fatal or serious injuries, even if a safe living space, adequate crew and passenger restraints, and a delethalized flailing envelope are provided. Since crew and passenger bodies are not strongly attached to the airframe, the design of the aircraft structure and seeds may cause the acceleration forces experienced by the crew and passengers to be either amplified or attenuated. A soft deep seat cushion can greatly amplified the vertical Gs experienced by someone sitting in the seat. The deep seat cushion deforms at high loads absorbing energy as it gives can greatly reduce the vertical crash loads to which a seat occupant is subjected. Hopefully, the designers will build a secure box around the crew and passengers and secure them to it. Although we may be able to restrain the torso, it is normally impractical to secure the head and limbs of the crew and passengers. The volume through which the unrestrained extremities can be expected to move shouldve been the legalized to the maximum degree possible. Obstructions which could cause injury should either remove from within the flailing envelope or padded to reduce the severity or probability of injury. This is the environment that the creep method covers. All too commonly, crew or passengers survived the dynamic portion of the crash, only to suffer additional injuries or death when they are unable to safely exit the aircraft in a timely manner. The two primary factors in the causation of fatalities during otherwise survivable crashes is, post-crash fire and inability to quickly exit the damaged aircraft. Fire is the most significant post-crash hazard by a long shot. Not only can the fire kill and injure directly through heat, the toxic fumes and smoke produced when material and the aircraft interior burn are more often the direct cause of death. This post-crash condition is a top priority in controlling to prevent death. Design of airplane exits is predicated on the normal parked attitude and configuration. Obviously, this is not always the case. Sometimes occupants will have to exit from an airplane that is an abnormal attitude and perhaps in a very unusual configuration. Part 125 airplanes have specific emergency exit acquirements levied on them, many general aviation airplanes have only one exit which can be easily jammed in the airplane ends up inverted. In conclusion, nobody is expert on all types of structural failures. With so many different variables, it takes a highly detailed investigator to pinpoint what kind of failure causes a crash. And without a systematic approach of investigation of a crash, the investigators are left with an accident that is difficult to determine whether or not the occupants should have survived the impact.

Reaction Paper Environment Essay Example

Reaction Paper Environment Paper Protocol could not be explained by balance of interest (alone), but more because of embedded symbolism Lads decision to pursue global environmental leadership, reinforced by the media and public opinion. The name Kyoto Protocol had also become a national symbol and Japans environmental policy identity. In general, I find that the factors behind Japans foreign policy on environment as identified by both articles rather similar and consistent. When reading both articles together, Japans initial efforts to become the global environmental deader as well as its subsequent slack were wallpapering. Japans Role in Kyoto Protocol On Japans initial efforts towards Kyoto Protocol, Oath explained that it stemmed from Japans quest to make a nonmilitary contribution (as constrained by the Japanese constitution) to international affairs. Both articles have identified that Japan had the ideal domestic and political factors (together with strong public support) in the earlier years that supported its initial efforts. Although in the later years, the international and domestic contexts were not favorable for Japan o promote the Kyoto agreement, Japan has taken painful and costly measure s to continue the Kyoto Protocol. Case Study: Japanese Foreign Economic policy, Grasp Week 9 (December 4) Reaction Paper (by CHOC How Yen, Constance; Student ID: 51138033) In addition, both articles also pointed out that the name of Kyoto Protocol (bearing the name of a ices of Japan) made it indispensable for Japanese government to take a global environmental leadership role in tackling the global environmental problem, including its decision o step forward with the EX. And the (small part) of the rest of the world, despise et the US has decided to withdraw from it. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Reaction Paper Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ratification vs Implementation Tiebreaker also pointed out that ratification was quite different from implementation, which I find this point interesting. Ratification is highly visible with tangible reputation, while implementation is the outcome of countless lowered battles, which are quite technical and hidden from the public eyes. Indeed, the pacifications battle over implementation would be a more difficult recess. I wonder how the reduction targets could be implemented by distributing the targets among different domestic industries, in particular the stakeholders are in fact private business enterprises (which make it difficult for the Government to impose mandatory targets on them). Conclusion All in all, the role and efforts Of Japan in negotiating the Kyoto Protocol and the subsequent implementation battle could serve as a good case study for International Political Economy (PIPE), since many factors came into play and all were crucial n affecting Japans decision and approach to the matter. However, I am disappointed (or feel sad) to realize how these domestic factors could actually affect a countrys participation in environmental affairs. Ideally, each country should cooperate to solve this global problem for social justice.

The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand On the morning of June 28, 1914, a 19-year-old Bosnian nationalist named Gavrilo Princip shot and killed Sophie and Franz Ferdinand, the future heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary (the second-largest empire in Europe) in the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo. Gavrilo Princip, a simple postman’s son, probably didn’t realize at the time that by firing those three fateful shots, he was starting a chain reaction that would lead directly to the start of World War I. A Multinational Empire In the summer of 1914, the by now 47-year-old Austro-Hungarian Empire stretched from the Austrian Alps in the west to the Russian border in the east and reached far into the Balkans to the south (map). It was the second-largest European nation next to Russia and boasted a multi-ethnic population made up of at least ten different nationalities. These included Austrian Germans, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Romanians, Italians, Croats and Bosnians among others. But the empire was far from united. Its various ethnic groups and nationalities were constantly competing for control in a state that was predominantly ruled by the Austrian-German Habsburg family and the Hungarian nationals- both of whom resisted sharing the majority of their power and influence with the rest of the empire’s diverse population. For many of those outside the German-Hungarian ruling class, the empire represented nothing more than an undemocratic, repressive regime occupying their traditional homelands. Nationalistic sentiments and struggles for autonomy often resulted in public riots and clashes with the ruling authorities such as in Vienna in 1905 and in Budapest in 1912. The Austro-Hungarians responded harshly to incidents of unrest, sending in troops to keep the peace and suspending local parliaments. Nevertheless, by 1914 unrest was a constant in almost every part of the realm. Franz Josef and Franz Ferdinand: A Tense Relationship By 1914, Emperor Franz Josef- a member of the long-standing royal House of Habsburg- had ruled Austria (called Austria-Hungary from 1867) for nearly 66 years. As a monarch, Franz Josef was a staunch traditionalist and remained so well into the later years of his reign, despite the many great changes that had led to the weakening of monarchical power in other parts of Europe. He resisted all notions of political reform and viewed himself as the last of the old-school European monarchs. Emperor Franz Josef fathered two children. The first, however, died in infancy and the second committed suicide in 1889. By right of succession, the emperor’s nephew, Franz Ferdinand, became next in line to rule Austria-Hungary. The uncle and the nephew often clashed over differences in approach to ruling the vast empire. Franz Ferdinand had little patience for the ostentatious pomp of the ruling Habsburg class. Nor did he agree with his uncle’s harsh stance towards the rights and autonomy of the empire’s various national groups. He felt the old system, which allowed ethnic Germans and ethnic Hungarians to dominate, could not last. Franz Ferdinand believed the best way to regain the population’s loyalty was to make concessions towards the Slavs and other ethnicities by allowing them greater sovereignty and influence over the governance of the empire. He envisioned the eventual emergence of a type of â€Å"United States of Greater Austria,† with the empire’s many nationalities sharing equally in its administration. He believed strongly that this was the only way to keep the empire together and to secure his own future as its ruler. The result of these disagreements was that the emperor had little love for his nephew and bristled at the thought of Franz Ferdinand’s future ascension to the throne. The tension between them grew even stronger when, in 1900, Franz Ferdinand took as his wife the Countess Sophie Chotek. Franz Josef did not consider Sophie to be an appropriate future empress as she was not directly descended from royal, imperial blood. Serbia: The Great Hope of the Slavs In 1914, Serbia was one of the few independent Slavic states in Europe, having gained its autonomy piecemeal throughout the previous century after hundreds of years of Ottoman rule. The majority of Serbs were staunch nationalists and the kingdom saw itself as the great hope for the sovereignty of Slavic peoples in the Balkans.  The great dream of Serbian nationalists was the unification of Slavic peoples into a single sovereign state. The Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian, and Russian empires, however, were perpetually struggling for control and influence over the Balkans and Serbs felt under constant threat from their powerful neighbors. Austria-Hungary, in particular, posed a threat due to its close proximity to Serbia’s northern border. The situation was exasperated by the fact that pro-Austrian monarchs- with close ties to the Habsburgs- had ruled Serbia since the late 19th century. The last of these monarchs, King Alexander I, was deposed and executed in 1903 by a clandestine society comprised of nationalistic Serbian army officers known as the Black Hand. It was this same group that would come to help plan and support the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand eleven years later. Dragutin Dimitrijević and the Black Hand The aim of the Black Hand was the unification of all southern Slavic peoples into the single Slavic nation-state of Yugoslavia- with Serbia as its leading member- and to protect those Slavs and Serbs still living under Austro-Hungarian rule by any means necessary. The group relished in the ethnic and nationalistic strife that had overtaken Austria-Hungary and sought to stoke the flames of its decline. Anything that was potentially bad for its powerful northern neighbor was seen as potentially good for Serbia. The high-ranking, Serbian, military positions of its founding members put the group in a unique position to carry out clandestine operations deep within Austria-Hungary itself. This included army colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević, who would later become the head of Serbian military intelligence and leader of the Black Hand. The Black Hand frequently sent spies into Austria-Hungary to commit acts of sabotage or to foment discontent amongst Slavic peoples inside the empire. Their various anti-Austrian propaganda campaigns were designed, especially, to attract and recruit angry and restless Slavic youths with strong nationalistic sentiments. One of these youths- a Bosnian, and a member of the Black Hand-backed youth movement known as Young Bosnia- would personally carry out the murders of Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, and thus help to unleash the biggest crisis ever to face Europe and the world to that point. Gavrilo Princip and Young Bosnia Gavrilo Princip was born and raised in the countryside of Bosnia-Herzegovina, which had been annexed by Austria-Hungary in 1908 as a means to preempt Ottoman expansion into the region and to thwart Serbia’s aims for a greater Yugoslavia. Like many of the Slavic peoples living under Austro-Hungarian rule, Bosnians dreamed of the day when they would gain their independence and join a larger Slavic union alongside Serbia. Princip, a young nationalist, left for Serbia in 1912 to continue the studies he had undertaken in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina. While there, he fell in with a group of fellow nationalist Bosnian youths calling themselves Young Bosnia. The young men in Young Bosnia would sit long hours together and discuss their ideas for bringing about change for Balkan Slavs. They agreed that violent, terroristic methods would help to bring about a speedy demise of the Habsburg rulers and ensure the eventual sovereignty of their native homeland. When, in the spring of 1914, they learned of Archduke Franz Ferdinand’s visit to Sarajevo that June, they decided he would be a perfect target for assassination. But they would need the help of a highly organized group like the Black Hand to pull off their plan. A Plan Is Hatched The Young Bosnians’ plan to do away with the Archduke eventually reached the ears of Black Hand leader Dragutin Dimitrijević, the architect of the 1903 overthrow of Serbia’s king and by now chief of Serbian military intelligence. Dimitrijević had been made aware of Princip and his friends by a subordinate officer and fellow Black Hand member who had complained of being pestered by a group of Bosnian youths bent on killing Franz Ferdinand. By all accounts, Dimitrijević very casually agreed to help the young men; although secretly, he may have received Princip and his friends as a blessing. The official reason given for the Archduke’s visit was to observe Austro-Hungarian military exercises outside the city, as the emperor had appointed him inspector general of the armed forces the previous year. Dimitrijević, however, felt sure the visit was nothing more than a smokescreen for a coming Austro-Hungarian invasion of Serbia, though no evidence exists to suggest such an invasion was ever planned. Furthermore, Dimitrijević saw a golden opportunity to do away with a future ruler who could seriously undermine Slavic nationalistic interests, were he ever to be allowed to ascend to the throne. The Serbian nationalists knew well of Franz Ferdinand’s ideas for political reform and feared that any concessions made by Austria-Hungary towards the empire’s Slavic population could potentially undermine Serbian attempts at fomenting discontent and inciting Slavic nationalists to rise up against their Habsburg rulers. A plan was devised to send Princip, along with Young Bosnian members Nedjelko ÄÅ'abrinović and Trifko GrabeÃ… ¾, to Sarajevo, where they were to meet up with six other conspirators and carry out the assassination of the Archduke. Dimitrijević, fearing the assassins’ inevitable capture and questioning, instructed the men to swallow cyanide capsules and commit suicide immediately after the attack. No one was to be allowed to learn who had authorized the murders. Concerns Over Safety Initially, Franz Ferdinand never intended to visit Sarajevo itself; he was to keep himself outside the city for the task of observing military exercises. To this day it is unclear why he chose to visit the city, which was a hotbed of Bosnian nationalism and thus a very hostile environment for any visiting Habsburg. One account suggests that Bosnia’s governor-general, Oskar Potiorek- who may have been seeking a political boost at Franz Ferdinand’s expense- urged the Archduke to pay the city an official, all day visit. Many in the Archduke’s entourage, however, protested out of fear for the Archduke’s safety. What Bardolff and the rest of the Archduke’s entourage did not know was that June 28 was a Serb national holiday- a day that represented Serbia’s historical struggle against foreign invaders. After much debate and negotiation, the Archduke finally bent to Potiorek’s wishes and agreed to visit the city on June 28, 1914, but only in an unofficial capacity and for only a few hours in the morning. Getting Into Position Gavrilo Princip and his co-conspirators arrived in Bosnia sometime in early June. They had been ushered across the border from Serbia by a network of Black Hand operatives, who provided them with faked documents stating the three men were customs officials and thus entitled to free passage. Once inside Bosnia, they met up with six other conspirators and made their way toward Sarajevo, arriving in the city sometime around June 25. There they stayed in various hostels and even lodged with family to await Archduke’s visit three days later. Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie, arrived in Sarajevo sometime before ten in the morning of June 28. After a short welcoming ceremony at the train station, the couple was ushered into a 1910 Grf Stift touring car and, along with a small procession of other cars carrying members of their entourage, made their way to the Town Hall for an official reception. It was a sunny day and the car’s canvas top had been taken down to allow for the crowds to better see the visitors. A map of the Archduke’s route had been published in the newspapers prior to his visit, so spectators would know where to stand in order to catch a glimpse of the couple as they rode by. The procession was to move down the Appel Quay along the northern bank of the Miljacka River. Princip and his six co-conspirators had also obtained the route from the newspapers. That morning, after receiving their weapons and their instructions from a local Black Hand operative, they split up and positioned themselves at strategic points along the riverbank. Muhamed MehmedbaÃ… ¡ić and Nedeljko ÄÅ'abrinović mingled with the crowds and positioned themselves near the Cumurja Bridge where they would be the first of the conspirators to see the procession going by. Vaso ÄÅ'ubrilović and Cvjetko Popović positioned themselves further up the Appel Quay. Gavrilo Princip and Trifko GrabeÃ… ¾ stood near the Lateiner Bridge toward the center of the route while Danilo Ilić moved about trying to find a good position. A Tossed Bomb MehmedbaÃ… ¡ić would be the first to see the car appear; however, as it approached, he froze with fear and was unable to take action. ÄÅ'abrinović, on the other hand, acted without hesitation. He pulled a bomb from his pocket, struck the detonator against a lamp post, and tossed it at the Archduke’s car. The car’s driver, Leopold Loyka, noticed the object flying towards them and hit the accelerator. The bomb landed behind the car where it exploded, causing debris to fly and nearby shop windows to shatter. About 20 onlookers were injured. The Archduke and his wife were safe, however, save for a small scratch on Sophie’s neck caused by flying debris from the explosion. Immediately after throwing the bomb, ÄÅ'abrinović swallowed his vial of cyanide and jumped over a railing down into the riverbed. The cyanide, however, failed to work and ÄÅ'abrinović was caught by a group of policemen and dragged away. The Appel Quay had erupted into chaos by now and the Archduke had ordered the driver to stop so that the injured parties could be attended to. Once satisfied that nobody was seriously injured, he ordered the procession to continue to the Town Hall. The other conspirators along the route had by now received news of ÄÅ'abrinović’s failed attempt and most of them, probably out of fear, decided to leave the scene. Princip and GrabeÃ… ¾, however, remained. The procession continued on to the Town Hall, where Sarajevo’s mayor launched into his welcoming speech as if nothing had happened. The Archduke immediately interrupted and admonished him, outraged at the bombing attempt that had put him and his wife in such danger and questioned the apparent lapse in security.   The Archduke’s wife, Sophie, gently urged her husband to calm down. The mayor was allowed to continue his speech in what was later described by witnesses as a bizarre and otherworldly spectacle. Despite reassurances from Potiorek that the danger had passed, the Archduke insisted on abandoning the day’s remaining schedule; he wanted to visit the hospital to check on the wounded. Some discussion on the safest way to proceed to the hospital ensued and it was decided that quickest way would be to go by the same route. The Assassination Franz Ferdinand’s car sped down the Appel Quay, where the crowds had thinned out by now. The driver, Leopold Loyka, seemed to have been unaware of the change of plans. He turned left at the Lateiner Bridge toward Franz Josef Strasse as if to proceed to the National Museum, which the Archduke had planned to visit next prior to the assassination attempt. The car drove past a delicatessen where Gavrilo Princip had bought a sandwich. He had resigned himself to the fact that the plot was a failure and that the Archduke’s return route would have been altered by now. Somebody yelled out to the driver that he had made a mistake and should have kept going along the Appel Quay to the hospital. Loyka stopped the vehicle and attempted to reverse as Princip emerged from the delicatessen and noticed, to his great surprise, the Archduke and his wife only a few feet from him. He pulled out his pistol and fired. Witnesses would later say they heard three shots. Princip was immediately seized and beaten by bystanders and the gun wrested from his hand. He managed to swallow his cyanide before being tackled to the ground but it, too, failed to work. Count Franz Harrach, the owner of the Grf Stift car that was carrying the royal couple, heard Sophie cry out to her husband, â€Å"What has happened to you?† before she appeared to faint and slump over in her seat. (King and Woolmans, 2013) Harrach then noticed that blood was trickling from the Archduke’s mouth and ordered the driver to drive to the Hotel Konak- where the royal couple was supposed to stay during their visit- as quickly as possible. The Archduke was still alive but barely audible as he continually muttered, â€Å"It is nothing.† Sophie had completely lost consciousness. The Archduke, too, eventually fell silent. The Couple’s Wounds Upon arriving at the Konak, the Archduke and his wife were carried up to their suite and attended to by regimental surgeon Eduard Bayer. The Archduke’s coat was removed to reveal a wound in his neck just above the collarbone. Blood was gurgling from his mouth. After a few moments, it was determined that Franz Ferdinand had died from his wound. â€Å"His Highness’s suffering is over,† the surgeon announced. (King and Woolmans, 2013 Sophie had been laid out on a bed in the next room. Everyone still assumed she had simply fainted but when her mistress removed her clothes she discovered blood and a bullet wound in her lower right abdomen. She had already been dead by the time they had reached the Konak. Aftermath The assassination sent shockwaves throughout Europe. Austro-Hungarian officials discovered the Serbian roots of the plot and declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914 exactly one month after the assassination. Fearing reprisals from Russia, which had been a strong ally of Serbia, Austria-Hungary now sought to activate its alliance with Germany in an attempt to scare the Russians out of taking action. Germany, in turn, sent Russia an ultimatum to stop mobilizing, which Russia ignored. The two powers- Russia and Germany- declared war on each other on August 1, 1914. Britain and France would soon enter the conflict on the side of Russia. Old alliances, which had been dormant since the 19th century, had suddenly created a dangerous situation across the continent. The war that ensued, World War I, would last four years and claim the lives of millions. Gavrilo Princip never lived to see the end of the conflict he helped to unleash. After a lengthy trial, he was sentenced to 20 years in prison (he avoided the death penalty due to his young age). While in prison, he contracted tuberculosis and died there on April 28, 1918. Sources Greg King and Sue Woolmans, The Assassination of the Archduke (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2013), 207.

Valentines Day Essay

Valentines Day Essay Valentine's Day Essay Valentine's Day Essay This is a free sample essay on Valentine's Day. If you need custom assistance with Valentines Day essay writing, do not hesitate to request professional help of our essay writers! Let our writing experts help you with writing your unique, interesting, and original Valentines Day essay especially for you! Our writing services are legal, safe, and reliable! It happens around this time every year. We men undergo a transformation. This transformation is not by choice. In fact, we have no say in it whatsoever. It's the time of the year when the women in our lives transform us from ordinary guys to Valentines. It's the time of the year when we start to look a little better, our annoying hang-ups become cute idiosyncrasies and our previous miscues are forgotten in the eyes of women. It's the time of the year when we have a little more potential, the kind women say they can work with. And it's the only time when women say they like us just the way we are.Whether you know it or not, you're in somebody's sights, you're on some woman's short list of potential Valentine's Day dates. It could be the new woman in your office, the lead singer in the church choir who always manages to look your way sometime between the halle and the lujah, or the checkout girl at the convenience store who always gives you too much change, but she is so cute that you give it back to her because you don't want her to get in trouble. Indeed, Valentine's Day is upon us, and the pressure will be on all Brothers to do right by their lady. But there's no need to fear it, no need to try to hide out until it's all over.Where many of us make our mistake is in thinking February 14th is the sole day of the year to be romantic. When, in fact, Valentine's Day should be embraced, welcomed with open arms each year as the culmination of being thoughtful and considerate, imaginative and sincere during the previous 364 days of the year.So you say you're not the romantic type? Well, I'm here to help. Start with these nine imaginative things you can do all year long to assure yourself a place in your lady's heart before, on and after Valentine's Day.* Talk to her. Having a woman fall head over heels in love with you starts with the realization that, for women, love has more to do with emotions than with physical traits. So don't always start off in fifth gear, don't get stuck on sex talk all the time. Talk about other topics of mu tual interest. Talk about her job, your job, world issues. But in order to talk, you have to have something to talk about. Stay abreast of current events. Work on adding a little substance to her style.* Sweet-talk her. Leave a trail of chocolate kisses from the front door to the bedroom, right up to the bed. Leave a note on the bed that reads I kiss the ground you walk on.* Write to her. Write a love note or poem on a piece of paper and then cut it up into puzzle-like pieces. Send one a day to her.* Kiss her. Spend one solid hour exploring various kissing techniques. And every now and then, surprise her with a kiss before she can finish a sentence.* Praise her. Tell the world how great she is. Build your lover a Web page expounding your love for her. Mention special moments and add some photos. Surf the Web with her one day and just stumble upon it. Or have someone send her an anonymous e-mail with the link inviting her to the special page.* Surprise her. Before she takes a shower, write the words I love you with your finger on the bathroom mirror. It will magically appear in the condensation as she showers.* Flirt with her. Flirting is a basic instinct, a part of human nature. Ask her how she's doing. Talk to her with an open mind. Listen, really listen, to her. Laugh at her jokes. Make eye contact. But not just eye contact. Hold it a second or two longer than you normally would. Compliment her routinely. Brush the lint off her jacket. Touch her hand in the midst of sharing a laugh.* Pique her curiosity. It should be your goal to always leave your lady wanting more. Put a single red rose on the seat of her ear before she goes to work. On that day at work, she'll think about how great you are all day long. On occasion, play romantic games with her. Take a picture of yourself in the sexiest outfit possible. Hide it in a secret spot in your house and leave her clues on how to find it.* Take her for a ride. Put a blindfold on her and drive to a place where you h ave a blanket, candles, strawberries, sparkling drinks, and a rose.If you follow these simple tips, you're practically guaranteed to have a Valentine's Dayand a lasting romanceto remember.

Note making portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Note making portfolio - Essay Example Manufacturers would tie different price tags to their products depending on these indicators The potential for small market segments to order and acquire the applications using online approach makes it possible to run the technology on small productions hence applicable to many areas of economy. Accessibility during this time when most of the transactions can be done online is an important phenomenon especially for the small businesses. The purchase of 3D printing model is possible using the online hence giving the small businesses easy accessibility to the technology The 3D printing technology has superiority over most alternative technologies because it is friendly to small businesses. In fact, such businesses can make their purchases for the 3D printing technology using online resources. The use of 3D printing technology give value of money to both the consumer and the customer because the product manufacturers would be able to satisfy their customers and build the confidence on their

Federal Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Federal Policy - Essay Example They often use emergency services because of the active act existing in the Labor act of 1986 that allows them to use emergency medical treatment. It has been noted that many undocumented immigrants are overrunning medical institutions because they are unable to pay their hospital bills. Healthcare end up uncompensated and this end up creating a threat to the viability of the hospital financially crippling its ability to provide care to other patients (Derose, Bahney, Lurie, & Escarce, 2009). The illegal immigrants create a burden to the United States economics in healthcare sector. The question remains whether it is an ethical and a moral responsibility for the United States government to the people regardless of whether they are legal citizens or illegal citizens. As this debate surrounding the issue of immigration continues being one of the major issues on the discussion, it is challenging to measure it. These concerns will make individuals examine the issue keenly and closely so that potential solutions can be identified. A possible solution that can be put forth to illegal immigration is Amnesty. Amnesty will allow any undocumented individuals to remain within the United States without any penalty. This solution will aim at providing green cards for all immigrants who are in the United States so that they can also play a role in building the country in different ways mostly economically. Derose, K. P., Bahney, B. W., Lurie, N., & Escarce, J. J. (2009). Review: Immigrants and Health Care Access, Quality, and Cost. Medical Care Research and Review, 66, 355–408.

Discussing the customer service policies Essay Example for Free

Discussing the customer service policies Essay In my assignment I will provide information about customers services levels, customer satisfaction, what is customer services , I will give examples and evidence about different institutions and their customers services levels and policies .I want to start with the definitions of customer services and customers service policies. Customer service is the provision of service to customers before, during and after a purchase. Â  Customer service is a series of activities designed to enhance the level of customer satisfaction – that is, the feeling that a product or service has met the customer expectation. Some people say that ‘Customer is always right’ but nowadays if u work in the hospitality industry u will definitely disagree with that .Some customers are really informed about their rights so because of that the stuff should be really confident and well trained to reach the customer expectation. Every business should have customer service policies. According to Entrepreneur Magazine, the definition of a customer service policy is ‘the degree of assistance and courtesy granted those who patronise a business ’.The customer service policies apply, because for every business is important to give their best in way to satisfy the customers. Policies are written rules which customers can see and read at any time, and they protect the business owners. Why we use the customers service policies ?We use them because they inform the customers for their rights ,they give information for the place .That’s why they are very , very important and useful nowadays .There are so many hotels, pubs , bars and other hospitality businesses today which have very interesting customer service policies. I have choose Hilton London Wembley Hotel to give as an example with its customer service policies .The hotel is one of the world wide best hotels so they really know how to satisfy customers needs . Everyone knows that hotel so I want to inform you more about it .For example Hilton London Wembley Hotel check- in time is 3.00pm. , check- out time is 12.00pm.This time hours gives advantages to the stuff so they clean the rooms and prepare them for the next customers and of course they inform the guests when they should leave the room. References: 1. Google ,Wikipedia (2013) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_service 2.Turban, Efraim (2002). Electronic Commerce: A Managerial Perspective. 3. Entrepreneur Magazine http://www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/customer-service

Latin jazz orchestra Essay -- essays research papers

If I were to use one word to describe the â€Å"Afro-Latin Jazz Orchestra† that word would be astonishing. At first, hearing that I was required to attend a Jazz concert I was completely turned off. I am very closed minded and automatically thought to myself that the kind of music would be dreadful. That is not the case anymore. This genre of music is amusing and very pleasing to the ears. The band members are some of the most talented musicians that I ever saw or heard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Standing room tickets were sold out when we arrived at Mc Carter Theater. For ten dollars we purchased box seats right near the stage. My friend Kevin and I were thrilled with our seats which allowed the beat view of the whole stage. The theater it self was beautiful. The stage was set up well with nice a nice lighting. The entire band consisted of eighteen musicians. There were seventeen males and one female. In the front of the stage was the pianist and director Arturo O’ Farril. Also in the front was the musician on bongos. To the left of the stage was the saxophone players and to the right the trombone players. In the rear were the trumpet players with the musician on bass in front of them as well as the drummer. I believe this setup allowed for their superb sound. Over all our seats were incredible and made the performance much more enjoyable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Between songs the pianist and director Arturo O’ Farril would give a short introduction and history behind ...

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fiber Optics

**Solvency** Not capable with current resources and timeframe to solve takes too long Fainberg, 2012 Max. BTOP Program Officer â€Å"Broadband Construction Season. † Home Page | NTIA. N. p. , 19 Oct. 2012. Web. 20 Mar. 2013. . Broadband is a world of extremes: it takes heavy-duty, 10-ton equipment to install fiber strands that are as small as a human hair. It takes months and years of hot, sweaty, dust-filled workdays to build a network that will provide massive amounts of data to end users at speeds measured in millionths of a second.It takes hundreds of man-hours, at a pace of 1000 feet per day to install the fiber that will connect our schools and hospitals with resources on the other side of the planet with just the click of a mouse. Plan can’t solve alone Free Press Reports, 2009 Wired Less: Disconnected in Urban America. Washington D. C. : Free Press, 2009. Print. For many urban residents, high-speed Internet services, which typically  ¶ cost $40 to $60 per mont h, are simply too pricey. Compounding the  ¶ Internet access problem, many people are unable to afford a computer or  ¶ lack the skills to navigate the Web. And just like their rural counterparts, some urban areas have been redlined  ¶ by Internet service providers that refuse to offer service to communities  ¶ that may not provide as large a financial return.  ¶ Many urban residents are locked out, unable to participate fully in the  ¶ digital era. They’re prevented from applying for jobs, telecommuting,  ¶ taking online classes or even finishing their homework. It’s becoming  ¶ increasingly clear that Internet connectivity is key to a sound economy and  ¶ could assist those hit hardest by the economic downturn. Fiber-Optics are too vulnerable, delays solvency Seibert, 2009Paul. â€Å"The Advantages and Disadvantages of Fiber Optics | Hub Tech Insider. † Hub Tech Insider | Technology Trends in and around Boston and Beyond. Word Press, 4 June 2 009. Web. 23 Mar. 2013. . Fiber is a small and compact cable, and it is highly susceptible to becoming cut or damaged during installation or construction activities. Because railroads often provide rights-of-way for fiber optic installation, railroad car derailments pose a significant cable damage threat, and these events can disrupt service to large groups of people, as fiber optic cables can provide tremendous data transmission capabilities.Because of this, when fiber optic cabling is chosen as the transmission medium, it is necessary to address restoration, backup and survivability. **Executive Order Turns** Totalitarianism Turn Executive orders are instruments of totalitarianism Mayer, 2001 (Kenneth, Professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Princeton University Press, â€Å"With the Stroke of a Pen†, 2001, http://press. princeton. edu/chapters/s7095. pdf, Accessed 7/23/2012) Observers who are even less sympathetic cast executive orders in analtogether sinister li ght, seeing in them evidence of a broad conspiracyto create a presidential dictatorship.The common theme of these com-plaints is that the executive order is an example of unaccountable power and a way of evading both public opinion and constitutional constraints. In the more extreme manifestations, executive orders are portrayed as an instrument of secret government and totalitarianism. Thepresident says â€Å"Do this! Do that! † and not only is it done, but the government, the economy, and individual freedom are crushed under the yokeof executive decree.Truman is said to have issued a top-secret executive order in 1947 to create a special government commission to investigate the alleged flyingsaucer crash in Roswell, New Mexico (the air force says no such orderexists, but not surprisingly the proponents of the UFO-order theory don’tbelieve it). 36 When John F. Kennedy issued a series of executive orders authorizing federal agencies to prepare studies of how they would respond to national emergencies, some saw this as evidence that the government was getting ready to take over the economy and establish totalitarian regime. 37 The Justice Department in 1963 complained of an â€Å"organized campaign to mislead the public† about these orders. The department had presumably grown tired of responding to members of Congress, who referred letters from constituents expressing outrage and alarm over the dictatorship that was right around the corner. 38 Conflict Turn Presidential funding approval without Congressional agreement causes inter-branch conflict Rosen 98 Colonel Richard, Judge Advocate General's Corps, United States Army, â€Å"Funding â€Å"Non-Traditional† Military Operations: The Alluring Myth Of A Presidential Power Of The Purse† Military Law Review 155 Mil. L. Rev. 1, Lexis] Finally, if a situation is sufficiently grave and an operation is essential to national security, the President has the raw, physical power–b ut not the legal authority–to spend public funds without congressional approval, after which he or she can either seek congressional approbation or attempt to weather the resulting political storm.To the President's immediate advantage is the fact that the only sure means of directly stopping such unconstitutional conduct is impeachment. 703 Congress could, however, [*149] certainly make a President's life miserable through other means, such as denying requested legislation or appropriations, delaying confirmation of presidential appointments, and conducting public investigations into the President's actions. Interbranch battles hold up agency action – major delays on implementation- the impact is no solvency Cooper 2 Phillip, Professor of Public Administration @ Portland State University, By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action† 232-233] A president who is focused on the short-term, internal view of a possible decision may elect a power management approach. The emphasis is on efficient, effective, prompt, and controlled action within the executive branch. This is an increasingly common approach employed by new administrations; certainly it has been by Reagan and his successors.Whether spoken or unspoken, the tendency to adopt a power management perspective as the base for the use of presidential direct action tools may grow from an assumption that alternative approaches will simply not work or not work rapidly enough because of recalcitrant administrative agencies or opposition by other institutional players inside or outside the Beltway. The executive orders on rulemaking issued by presidents Carter, Reagan, Bush, and Clinton and the Bush memoranda on the rulemaking moratorium are clear examples of this approach.The tendency to use this approach may also stem from the idea that the situation confronting the White House is a real or a perceived emergency in which the executive branch must be mobilized for ac tion. Another tendency is to use this type of approach in national security matters where the White House holds the view that time is of the essence and a particular window of opportunity exists that must be seized. This kind of action is common in the use of national security directives.Control of sensitive materials, personnel practices, or communications is often the focus of this kind of activity. Another feature of the power management approach is the attempt to use the policies of the executive branch to make a wider political point. Certainly the Reagan administration's Drug Free Workplace order is an example, as are many of the Clinton-era orders and memoranda associated with the reinventing government initiative.Still, the power management approach presents many of the dangers and challenges of the various types of instruments. The costs can be high, and the damage both within government and to people outside it can be significant. The rulemaking orders have tied administra tive agencies up in knots for years and have trapped them in a cross fire between the Congress that adopted statutes requiring regulations to be issued and presidents who tried to measure their success by the number of rulemaking processes they could block.Reagan's NSD 84 and other related directives seeking to impose dramatically intensified controls on access to information and control over communication during and after government employment incited a mini rebellion even among a number of cabinet level officials and conveyed a sense of the tenor of leadership being exercised in the executive branch that drew fire from many sources. The Clinton ethics order was meant to make a very public and political point, but it was one of the factors contributing to the administration's inability to staff many of its key positions for months.Tyranny Turn Executive orders are bad, cause tyranny and a loss in democracy Kissinger 92, Henry, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, 3/21/08,[â€Å"Executive T yranny,† http://www. cassiopaea. org/cass/exec_tyranny. htm / With the unearthing of old and newly improved executive orders recently we come to realise that this has been an ideological strategy that was designed long before the present U. S. administration. We are seeing the death throes of the US constitution and any semblance of democracy that may have initially existed with the founding fathers.It seems inevitable that the U. S. will become the epitome of a totalitarian rule with a further mandate to build on its already established cultural â€Å"McDonaldization† and geopolitical destruction of the planet. The above words from Kissinger giving a speech at the 1992 Bilderberg meeting in Evian, France, was recorded by a Swiss delegate, no doubt much to the chagrin of this â€Å"elder statesman†, who was unaware of the taping. The barely disguised contempt for humanity is only too familiar within the ranks of the â€Å"Elite†, and this man is particular ly active at the moment.No doubt he is seeing the beginnings of a Faustian pay-off for services rendered. I dread to think what misanthropic propaganda he is peddling behind the closed doors of conferences and special â€Å"interest groups† in 2003. The impact is value to life – moral side constraint Petro, 1974 Wake Forest Professor in Toledo Law Review, (Sylvester, Spring, page 480) However, one may still insist, echoing Ernest Hemingway – â€Å"I believe in only one thing: liberty. † And it is always well to bear in mind David Hume's observation: â€Å"It is seldom that liberty of any kind is lost all at once. Thus, it is unacceptable to say that the invasion of one aspect of freedom is of no import because there have been invasions of so many other aspects. That road leads to chaos, tyranny, despotism, and the end of all human aspiration. Ask Solzhenitsyn. Ask Milovan Dijas. In sum, if one believed in freedom as a supreme value and the proper orderin g principle for any society aiming to maximize spiritual and material welfare, then every invasion of freedom must be emphatically identified and resisted with undying spirit.

Human Resource Management in the Public Office Essay

Is money the most important incentive tool in the public sector? Is performance-based pay an effective way to motivate employees to be more productive? Discuss the positive and negative benefits associated with broadbanded pay systems. The public sector mainly deals with the economic and administrative delivery of goods and services from the government to the nation’s people. Such a role requires true commitment to service and to the objective of improving the general welfare of individuals. Moreover, public servants uphold such commitments with a unique set of priorities that are not centered on material and financial gains but rather on what their capabilities and achievements could contribute to others’ betterment. This ideal may just as easily set public servants apart from members of the labor force that render their services for profit. This in consideration, financial rewards may not be the top priority of public servants but it is definitely an effective incentive tool across sectors from private to public. A way of granting incentive to employees is thru performance-based pay. This compensation scheme entails salary increases and rewarding of bonuses to employees that were able to achieve or surpass the goals related to their scope of work. Under such a scheme, employees become more motivated to produce high quality service with the end goal of producing evidently positive results. At the same time, since such a scheme requires that the salary increase be justified by the exemplary performance of the employee, there would be less incidences of increases and promotions made on the mere basis of office politics. Once it becomes evident to employees that they now have an equal playing field, this would additionally motivate them to prove themselves worthy of recognition and incentives. In line with effective human resource management, public sectors are developing broadband pay systems, which essentially implement broad pay ranges to groupings formed on the basis of like duties while maintaining high flexibility in order to cater to the needs and demands of a diverse workforce. Such pay systems may pose both advantages and disadvantages to the employees and agencies. An example of advantages to the employees is that the method of grouping may provide an opportunity for their positions to be reclassified to a higher grade as indicated by the complexity and breadth of their responsibilities. This would probably work in the favor of an employee who handles several tasks that are usually performed by more than one person in some offices. Another advantage is for the part of government offices because by utilizing high technology and efficient information systems to implement the broadband pay mechanisms, an optimized data gathering method shall be in place and process will be systematized. This would ultimately lead to more practical and efficient use of available human and financial resources, and big cumulative savings for the government. On the other hand, a disadvantage for the agencies could be that negotiations on job classifications or groupings might require them to disclose to labor unions sensitive information that might result to operational security concerns. How can an organization utilize employee benefits as part of its recruitment and retention efforts? How can an organization’s commitment to learning result in lower worker turnover? How do issues related to employee benefits and learning affect worker performance? Human resource is the best asset that any establishment could possibly have. Every day, a great number of organizations and establishments rise up or crumble by the excellence or mediocrity of their employees. In fact, any institution may employ the best possible technologies and may even be in the most dynamic and progressive industry but all these would not make the business a success if without talented and skillful employees. Thus to ensure the best possible recruits and the capacity to retain the most seasoned and esteemed talents, organizations build attractive compensation packages and employee development programs. By nurturing employees under these development programs and with attractive rewards, organizations hope to keep the loyalty of their talent pool and add new recruits that possess the same aptitude and skills. All these steps are taken by organizations under the knowledge that all employees would base their employer preferences that cater to their needs and growth t he most. Furthermore, these needs and growth expectations must be taken to mean not just financial benefits but more importantly how the organization could enrich one’s talents and allow him or her to maximize potentials. In order to nurture its talent pool, organizations may enroll their employees to various classes that teach or further establish the knowledge that they have related to the tasks that they perform in the office. Through these classes, employees develop a sense of fulfillment and satisfaction because they find that they are able to tap in to more of their potentials. Thus, with the knowledge that there are more things that they could learn and do, they find that they also have more to offer the organization that they are part of. By allowing their employees to grow into high potential individuals, organizations not only keep their employees loyal and their turnover rates low, they also gain from the enriched talents and skills that their human resources apply in their day to day work. An organization’s spending on training and development programs for its employees is part of its human resource investment. As with products sold in banks or stock market, or purchases of equipments by production companies, expenses incurred by organizations related to employee training are acknowledged with the expectation that they will bring forth returns to the organization by way of improved employee performances that lead to better working processes and achievement of the organization’s vision and mission. Pershing, Stolovitch, and Keeps (2006) further support the relationship between employee performance and learning by stating that the latter allows the workforce to become more connected to the organization through an increased knowledge of how better he could be of service, and that the nurturing process offered to these employees allow them to be better prepared for changes and more open to process improvements. In essence, all employees are practical individuals in that they stay in the organization that appreciate them the most and reward them sufficiently for the quality of work that they render. It is with this knowledge that organizations build progressive employee benefit and retention programs. These organizations know all too well that employees perform best under development and reward programs that offer holistic growth. Such growth pertains to several factors in the lives of an individual. Compare and contrast the difference in terminating workers in public organizations versus private companies? What at the implications of at-will employment for public sector workers? One of the major differences between public organizations and private companies is the objective or mission with which their workforce operates. As established earlier, public sector workers can be largely considered as volunteers for social, economic, and even political causes whereas the workforce of private companies are mostly there for profitable gains. This in mind, the mere concept of a decrease in the workforce in the public sector poses several challenges because it may not be easy for the organization to come by public servants who are willing to work for the same cause. One way in which the workforce of any institution is reduced is thru employee termination. Termination is the process by which the organization puts a stop to an individual’s membership or service to the organization against his or her will. There are various reasons why termination is imposed on an individual. It may be that the employee has violated certain organizational policies or ethical standards, or rendered unsatisfactory job performance, or may even have been because he or she had a conflict with his or her supervisor. On the other hand, the employee may also be subject to termination when the company undergoes a restructuring phase that necessitated downsizing in its workforce, or if the employee’s responsibilities have been found to be redundant. Employee termination occurs in both public and private offices but there are some notable differences. One such difference is that employees of private companies are often hired under contract whereas those working in public offices are often employed at-will, meaning that they do not have a formal employment contract binding him or her and the employer. Although all employees are protected by labor laws, employees in the public sector are more vulnerable to termination because of the at-will nature of their employment.

SAT Subject Test Math 1 vs Math 2 Which Should I Take

SAT Subject Test Math 1 vs Math 2 Which Should I Take SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're considering taking SAT Subject Tests and math is a strong subject for you, you’ll need to decide which SAT Subject Test in math to take. There are two Math SAT Subject Tests: Math 1 and Math 2 (also written as Math Level 1 and Math Level 2, or Math I and Math II). Math 2 is meant for students with more high school math coursework and covers a broader range of topics than Math 1 does. Other than that, the two tests are pretty similar: both have 50 multiple-choice questions and a 60-minute time limit. In this article, I’ll go over what’s covered in Math 1, what’s covered in Math 2, their similarities and differences, whether Math 1 is easier than Math 2, and how to choose which Subject Test to take. Note: This article deals with the two Math SAT Subject Tests, not the Math section on the regular SAT. To learn more about the SAT Math section and how to do well on it, check out our ultimate SAT Math prep guide. What’s Covered on SAT Math 1? SAT Subject Test Math 1 covers the topics you learn in one year of geometry and two years of algebra. Here's what you can expect to see on the test: Topics and Subtopics % of Math 1 SAT Subject Test Approximate # of Questions Number and Operations 10-14% 5-7 Operations, ratio and proportion, complex numbers, counting, elementary number theory, matrices, sequences Algebra and Functions 38-42% 19-21 Expressions, equations, inequalities, representation and modelling, properties of functions (linear, polynomial, rational, exponential) Geometry and Measurement 38-42% 19-21 Plane geometry 18-22% 9-11 Coordinate: Lines, parabolas, circles, symmetry, transformations 8-12% 4-6 Three-dimensional: solids, surface area and volume (cylinders, cones, pyramids, spheres, prisms) 4-6% 2-3 Trigonometry: right triangles and identities 6-8% 3-4 Data Analysis, Statistics, and Probability 8-12% 4-6 Mean, median, mode, range, interquartile range, graphs and plots, least squares regression (linear), probability Source: SAT Subject Tests Student Guide As you can see, most of the questions will be about algebra, functions, or geometry. This means that when you are studying for Math 1, these are the main areas you should focus on. There will also be a few questions (about five) on data analysis/statistics/probability. I’m calling this out because it’s something many students haven’t spent a lot of time on in class. What’s Covered on SAT Math 2? The SAT Subject Test Math 2 covers most of the same topics as Math 1- information that would be covered in one year of geometry and two years of algebra- plus precalculus and trigonometry. However, the geometry concepts learned in a typical geometry class are only assessed indirectly through more advanced geometry topics such as coordinate and three-dimensional geometry. Here is a chart with topics and percentage breakdowns: Topics and Subtopics % of Math 2 SAT Subject Test Approximate # of Questions Number and Operations 10-14% 5-7 Operations, ratio and proportion, complex numbers, counting, elementary number theory, matrices, sequences, series, vectors Algebra and Functions 48-52% 24-26 Expressions, equations, inequalities, representation and modelling, properties of functions (linear, polynomial, rational, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, periodic, piecewise, recursive, parametric) Geometry and Measurement 28-32% 14-16 Coordinate: lines, parabolas, circles, ellipses, hyperbolas, symmetry, transformations, polar coordinates 10-14% 5-7 Three-dimensional: solids, surface area and volume (cylinders, cones, pyramids, spheres, prisms), coordinates in three dimensions 4-6% 2-3 Trigonometry: right triangles, identities, radians, law of cosines, law of sines, equations, double angle formula 12-16% 6-8 Data Analysis, Statistics, and Probability 8-12% 4-6 Mean, median, mode, range, interquartile range, standard deviation, graphs and plots, least squares regression (linear, quadratic, exponential), probability Source: SAT Subject Tests Student GuideIt’s worth noting that on the main College Board page for Math 2, they (incorrectly) state that the test is 48-52% geometry. But in the SAT Subject Tests Student Guide, you can see that the actual percentage is 28-32%. Let’s all be glad that the questions on College Board tests are much more closely vetted than what goes on their website! In terms of individual topics, the Math 2 test is, by far, weighted most heavily toward algebra and functions, with about half the questions in this area. You can also expect to see a sizable chunk of trigonometry. Knowing the properties of all different types of functions, including trigonometric functions, is the single most important topic to study for the Math 2 test. If you don’t know all of that backwards and forwards, there will be a lot of questions you simply don’t understand. Your friend, the triangle. SAT Subject Test Math 1 vs Math 2: Similarities and Differences To give you an easy-to-follow overview when you are comparing tests, I’ll quickly go over which topics are covered on both exams and which you can expect to see only on Math 1 and only on Math 2, respectively. Topics on Both Math 1 and Math 2 We'll start by looking at the general topics that are present on both Math Subject Tests. Numbers and Operations Operations: Basic multiplication, division, addition, and subtraction. Remember the proper order of operations! Ratio and Proportion: Value comparisons and relationships between value comparisons. (Think: how many of one thing relative to another thing? Three cows for every two sheep?) Complex Numbers: Numerical expressions that include imaginary numbers. Counting: How many combinations are possible given certain conditions. For example, if there are eight chairs and eight guests, how many orders could the guests sit in? Elementary Number Theory: Properties of integers, factorization, prime factors, etc. Matrices: Basic operations with number grids. Sequences: Number patterns. Geometry Geometry on the coordinate plane, including questions about lines, parabolas, circles (and circle equations), symmetry, and transformations. With the exception of circles, coordinate geometry is less concerned with the actual functions making the figures and more with the properties of figures: is the shape symmetrical? How long is this segment of the line? And so on. Three-dimensional: Calculating the surface area and volume of cylinders, cones, pyramids, spheres, and prisms. Trigonometry: Right triangles and the Pythagorean theorem as well as basic trig identities such as sine, cosine, and tangent. Algebra Expressions: Mathematical phrases with variables, numbers, and operators (like $x+3$ or $2x+9y−4$). You must know how to factor, expand, and manipulate these expressions. Equations: An expression that is set to be equal to something, like $x+3=10$. You’ll need to understand how to solve these. You'll also need to be able to solve systems of equations. Inequalities: Expressions set to be greater or less than a value, like $x+310$. You'll need to know how to solve these, and how to solve systems of inequalities. Representation and Modeling: Creating equations that model a given scenario. You’ll need to know how to create and interpret these. Properties of Functions: You’ll need to be able to identify the following kinds of functions and understand how they work, how they look when graphed, and how to factor them. You should also know how to identify $x$- and $y$-intercepts and any unique characteristics they may have. Linear: Straight-line functions, generally written as $f(x)=mx+b$ or $y=mx+b$ Polynomial: Functions in which variables are elevated to exponential powers. This includes quadratic functions like $y=x^2+2x+2$ as well as functions like $y=x^5+4x$. Rational: Functions in which polynomial expressions appear in the numerator and the denominator of a fraction. For example: $$y=(x^2+4)/(x^3+x^2+9)$$ Exponential: Functions in which $x$ appears as an exponential power. Here's an example: $$y=3^(x+2)$$ Data Analysis, Statistics, and Probability Mean, Median, Mode, Range: Basic properties of data sets. Interquartile Range: A measure of a data set variability based on the range between data quartiles 3 and 1. Graphs and Plots: Creating and interpreting visual representations of data sets. Least Squares Regression (Linear): How closely correlated two variables are, and how much a data set resembles a straight line. Probability: Mathematical determinations of how likely a certain outcome is to occur; you’ll need to be able to create and interpret these. You could also skip standardized testing and go live alone in the desert. Topics on Math 1 Only The only topic on Math 1 that's not directly addressed at all on Math 2 is plane geometry, which is a fairly significant 20% of Math 1. Note that plane geometry concepts are addressed on Math 2 via coordinate and 3-D geometry. Topics on Math 2 Only Math 2 contains a fairly large number of topics that aren't tested on Math 1. Numbers and Operations Series: The sum of a sequence. Vectors: Geometric objects with size (length) and direction; you’ll need to be able to do basic operations with vectors. Geometry Coordinate: Equations and properties of ellipses and hyperbolas in the coordinate plane, and polar coordinates. Three-Dimensional: Plotting lines and determining distances between points in three dimensions. Trigonometry: Radian Measure: An alternative way to measure angles in terms of Ï€. You must know how to convert to and from degrees. Law of Cosines and Law of Sines: Trigonometric formulas that allow you to determine the length of a triangle side when one of the angles and two of the sides are known. You'll need to know the formulas and how to use them. Equations: Know how to identify and solve algebraic equations involving trigonometric identities, like $10=cos(x+8)$. Double Angle Formulas: Formulas that allow you to find information on an angle twice as large as the given angle measure. Algebra Properties of Functions: You’ll need to be able to identify the following kinds of functions and understand how they work, how they look when graphed, and how to factor them. You should also be able to identify $x$- and $y$-intercepts and any unique characteristics they might have. Logarithmic: Functions that involve taking the log of a variable. For example: $f(x)=log(x)$ Trigonometric Functions: Graphs of sine, cosine, tangent, etc. For example: $f(x)=sin(x)$ Inverse Trigonometric Functions: Graphs of the inverse of sine, cosine, tangent, and other trig identities. For example: $f(x)=arcsin(x)$ or $f(x)=sin$-1$(x)$ Periodic: Any function that repeats its values over an interval; trigonometric functions are periodic. Piecewise: A function that is defined by a different equation for different ranges of $x$. Recursive: A function defined in terms of other functions. Parametric: Equations of curves in which x and $y$ are defined via some third variable, normally t. $x=cos(t)$$y=sin(t)$is the equation for the unit circle, a parametric equation. Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability Least Squares Regression (quadratic, exponential): How well the points of a data set correspond to a quadratic or exponential shape. As you can see, there's a lot of overlap between the two Math SAT Subject Tests. However, Math 2 also tests more advanced versions of the topics tested on Math 1. It leaves off directly testing plane Euclidean geometry, though the concepts are indirectly tested through coordinate and 3-D geometry topics. Even with that cut out, Math 2 still covers a much broader swath of topics than Math 1 does. This means that question styles for Math 2 and Math 1 can be pretty different, even though many of the same topics are addressed (see the next section for elaboration on this). A broad swath. Is Math 1 Easier Than Math 2? Given that Math 2 covers more advanced topics than Math 1 does, you might think that Math 1 is going to be the easier exam. But this is not necessarily true. Since Math 1 tests fewer concepts, you can expect more abstract and multi-step problems to test the same core math concepts in a variety of ways. The College Board needs to fill up 50 questions, after all! Below is an example of a tricky question you might see on the Math 1 test. (Note that all practice problems in this article come from the official SAT Subject Tests Student Guide.) The above problem is testing fundamental plane Euclidean geometry concepts but in a way that makes you apply these concepts differently than you might expect to. Let’s walk through it. To figure out the area of the shaded region, we’ll need to subtract the area of the rectangle from the area of the circle. The area of the rectangle is pretty straightforward- $\ov{AB}$ is 5 and side $\ov{BC}$ is 12. So that would be $5*12 = 6$0. Now, we’ll need to find the area of that circle. $Ï€r^2$ is the formula for a circle’s area, but we don’t have the radius or diameter. However, we can find the diameter with the help of our friend, the Pythagorean theorem. We know that $\ov{AC}$ is going to be the same length as the diameter. How do we know this? Since ABCD is an inscribed rectangle, angle ∠ ABC is an inscribed right angle. Therefore, AC, the diameter, is the hypotenuse of right triangle ââ€" ³ABC. The Pythagorean theorem states that $a^2+b^2=c^2$ and we know a and b are 5 and 12, respectively. Therefore, $$5^2+12^2=c^2$$ $$25+144=c^2$$ $$169=c^2$$ $$13=c$$ With a diameter of 13, the radius is 6.5. The area of the circle = $$Ï€(6.5)^2=132.73$$ Area of the circle minus area of the rectangle: $$132.73−60=72.73$$ The answer is C! The above problem didn’t test any difficult concepts, but it did make us combine a few Euclidean geometry concepts (and three formulas!) in interesting ways to make the problem appear tricky. On the other hand, problems on Math II tend to take fewer steps to solve and are more straightforward, high-school-math-test-type questions: identify the concept, plug in, and go. For example, see this pretty straightforward plug-in-and-go 3-D volume/basic algebra question: Let’s walk through it. The volume of a right circular cylinder is $h*Ï€(1/2 d)^2$ We know the volume; we also know that the diameter and height are equal. Since the radius is equal to half the diameter, we can express the radius in terms of the height. This gives us the following equation: $$h*Ï€(1/2 h)^2=2$$ which can be simplified as $$(Ï€h^3)/4=2$$$$(h^3)/4=2/Ï€$$ and then $$h^3=8/Ï€$$ All of a sudden, we’ve got a pretty simple single-variable algebra problem. Plug and go to get 1.37, or answer choice A. The number-crunching in this problem might be a little ugly, but it’s pretty simple conceptually: a single-variable algebra problem that only uses one formula.These two problems showcase the difference between problem types on Math 1 and Math 2. Additionally, the curve is much steeper for Math 1 than it is for Math 2. Getting one question wrong on Math 1 is enough to knock you from that 800, but you can get seven or eight questions wrong and still potentially get an 800 on Math 2. Essentially, Math 1 is the easier exam only if you don’t know the advanced topics tested on Math 2. If you do know the Math 2 concepts, you'll find it easier than Math 1 because the material will be fresher in your mind, the questions are more straightforward, and the curve is kinder. A kind (and mathematical!) curve. How to Decide Which Math Subject Test to Take There are, in general, two factors to consider when deciding between Math 1 and Math 2: (1) what math coursework you have completed and (2) what the colleges you're applying to recommend or require. Which Math Courses Have You Taken? In general, if you're going to take a Math Subject Test, you should take the one that most closely aligns with the math coursework you've completed. If you’ve taken one year of geometry and two years of algebra, go with Math 1. If you’ve taken that plus precalculus and trigonometry (which is taught as one yearlong math class at most high schools), then take Math 2. Down-testing (i.e., taking Math 1 when you have the coursework for Math 2) is likely to backfire due to the fact that the material won't be as fresh for you and the curve for Math 1 is so unforgiving. If you’re in the middle of precalculus/trigonometry, things are a little more complicated. If it’s the beginning or middle of the year, take Math 1. If you try to take Math 2 too early, there will be material on the exam you haven’t covered yet, so you’ll either have to learn it or accept that you won’t get those points (which is a risky move I don’t recommend at all!). If you're close to the end of the year and you'd like to take Math 2, I'd advise you to simply wait to take the test until you’ve completed the requisite coursework. Which Test Do the Colleges You're Applying to Recommend or Require? Though many institutions that recommend or require SAT Subject Tests give you flexibility in what subjects you send, others have more stringent requirements, particularly engineering or medicine-based programs. Some notable programs and institutions that require Math level 2 include the following: Caltech- requires Math 2 from all applicants Harvey Mudd- requires Math 2 from all applicants Northwestern- select programs require Math 2 Most institutions in the University of California system strongly recommend (not require) Math 2 for engineering and science applicants If you know that you have your eye on a program that requires or recommends the Math 2 Subject Test, plan ahead to take the necessary math coursework. Programs that require or prefer the Math 2 Subject Test often have required introductory math coursework for first-year students that necessitates a certain background level in math, which is why they require Math 2. Therefore, try to get in the coursework necessary to be able to take and do well on the Math 2 Subject Test. If you don’t plan ahead, you might end up in a situation in which you are set to go into precalculus your senior year. In this case, you should aim to take precalculus the summer after your junior year and the Math 2 Subject Test in the fall of your senior year. Some high schools don’t offer an advanced enough math track for you to be able to get through precalculus by your senior year. It’s not super fair if you’re in this situation, but you can make up for it by taking a math class over the summer or at a local community college. On the other hand, some engineering programs and schools will accept either Math Subject Test (i.e., they have no preference). If your program accepts Math 1 or Math 2, take them at their word and opt for the test that better aligns with your regular coursework. The reason the College Board offers two levels of math isn’t to suggest that those who take Math 2 are somehow better at math, but rather that they understand not all high schools will offer the same math classes. High schools with fewer resources often do not offer as much advanced math coursework, and the colleges that accept either math exam do so for this exact reason. In fact, the colleges that require Math 2 are unfortunately penalizing underprivileged students, even if they are doing so because their introductory math coursework starts at too high a level to accept a less-advanced Math test. Note: In general, colleges will not accept Math 1 and Math 2 as two separate Subject Tests because there's so much overlap between the material. This doesn’t mean you can’t take both- just that they won’t count as two separate Subject Tests in the eyes of the college you're applying to. What If You Still Can't Decide Which Math Subject Test to Take? If you're still at a loss (or even if you just want to validate your choice before you register for one of the two Math tests), answer some practice questions for each Math Subject Test and compare how you do on them. If you score a lot higher on one test, choose that one. You can find practice questions for both exams in the College Board’s SAT Subject Tests Student Guide. Don’t forget that you can also retake Subject Tests, and there’s no rule that if you take one of the math tests that you can’t then take the other one if you feel as though you didn’t choose the better test for you the first time around. I don’t recommend taking both Math Subject Tests as a first-line strategy because you’ll waste time prepping for both when you don’t need to, and you already have enough to study and prepare for when you apply to college. However, it's something to keep in mind. You should also double-check that you actually have to take a Math Subject Test for the programs you're applying to since many schools will accept a science Subject Test instead. Choose your exam carefully, like this intrepid soul choosing which rocks to step on. SAT Subject Test Math 1 vs Math 2: The Final Word The College Board offers two SAT Subject Tests in math: Math 1 and Math 2. Math 1 is designed for those who've taken two years of algebra and one year of geometry, while Math 2 targets those who've also taken precalculus/trigonometry. Although they cover many of the same topics, Math 1 involves more tricky applications of math concepts since the scope of the exam is narrower. In general, you should take the Math Subject Test that best corresponds to the coursework you've completed. Taking Math 1 when you have the coursework for Math 2 might backfire given Math 1's steeper curve. By contrast, taking Math 2 without the requisite coursework will leave you completely lost for much of the exam. If you're applying to programs that require or strongly recommend Math 2, plan ahead so that you can complete the necessary coursework before you take the exam. And remember, if you end up taking both Math Subject Tests, most programs will only accept one toward your total of required or recommended Subject Tests. What's Next? Ready to test out your ratio and proportions skills? Try calculating how many seconds there are in a day, week, and year, then compare the result to our guide. Planning to take the Math 2 Subject test but a little shaky on your coordinate geometry? Make sure to review our articles on graph quadrants and how to complete the square so that you're not caught unaware on test day. Want some more specific advice on when to take the Math 2 Subject Test? Read our guide to learn how to choose the best test date for you. You might also want to check out our guide to SAT Subject Test scores for the Ivy League to learn how high to aim on test day. If you're taking AP tests and SAT Subject Tests, you might be wondering which exams are more important. In this guide, we explain which tests to prioritize for your college applications. Taking the regular SAT, too? Let us walk you through the format of the SAT Math section. Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below: